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Q1. With reference to the recently discussed Women’s Reservation framework in India, consider the following statements:
i) The Constitution (106th Amendment) Act, 2023 provides for one-third reservation for women in the Lok Sabha, State Legislative Assemblies and the Legislative Assembly of Delhi.
ii) The reservation provided under the Act will come into effect immediately after the Presidential assent without requiring delimitation.
iii) The Act inserts provisions for reservation within the seats already reserved for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
iv) The provisions relating to women’s reservation under the Act are applicable to the Rajya Sabha and State Legislative Councils as well.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct: The 106th Constitutional Amendment provides 33% reservation for women in the Lok Sabha, State Assemblies and Delhi Assembly. Statement 2 is incorrect: Its implementation is linked to a future Census and subsequent delimitation exercise. Statement 3 is correct: One-third reservation also applies within SC/ST reserved seats. Statement 4 is incorrect: The Act does not apply to the Rajya Sabha or State Legislative Councils.
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Q2. With reference to the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, consider the following statements:
i) The Act applies only to digital personal data, including personal data collected offline and later digitised.
ii) The Act grants individuals the right to seek correction and erasure of their personal data.
iii) Under the Act, all categories of personal data are treated as “sensitive personal data” requiring identical regulatory treatment.
iv) The Act provides for the establishment of a Data Protection Board of India to address grievances and impose penalties.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct: The Act covers digital personal data, including offline data subsequently digitised. Statement 2 is correct: Individuals (Data Principals) have rights such as correction and erasure of data. Statement 3 is incorrect: Unlike earlier proposals, the Act does not classify data into separate categories like “sensitive personal data.” Statement 4 is correct: The Act establishes the Data Protection Board of India for adjudication and penalties.
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Q3. With reference to the Loss and Damage Fund, consider the following statements:
i) The Loss and Damage Fund was created to assist developing countries particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change.
ii) The decision to establish the Fund was taken during COP27, while steps toward its operationalisation were advanced at COP28 and COP29.
iii) The Fund is exclusively meant for climate change mitigation projects such as renewable energy expansion.
iv) Recently, agreements related to the World Bank’s role and hosting arrangements were finalized to make the Fund operational from 2025.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct: The Fund aims to support vulnerable developing countries facing climate-induced loss and damage. Statement 2 is correct: The Fund was established at COP27 and operationalisation progressed through COP28 and COP29 negotiations. Statement 3 is incorrect: The Fund addresses climate-related losses and damages, not primarily mitigation projects. Statement 4 is correct: COP29 finalized agreements related to the World Bank and hosting arrangements, enabling funding operations from 2025.
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Q4. Consider the following statements regarding Gaganyaan Mission.
i) Gaganyaan is India’s first planned human spaceflight mission aimed at sending astronauts to Low Earth Orbit.
ii) The mission will use the Human Rated Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (HLVM3), derived from the LVM3 rocket.
iii) Recently, ISRO conducted tests related to the Crew Escape System and recovery operations for the mission.
iv) The astronauts selected for the Gaganyaan mission received part of their training in collaboration with the Russian space agency.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct: Gaganyaan is India’s first human spaceflight programme. Statement 2 is correct: The mission uses the human-rated version of the LVM3 launch vehicle. Statement 3 is correct: ISRO recently conducted Crew Escape System and splashdown/recovery-related tests. Statement 4 is correct: Indian astronauts underwent training with assistance from the Russian space agency, Roscosmos.
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Q5. With reference to El Niño and its impact on the Indian Monsoon, consider the following-
i) El Niño refers to the periodic warming of sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean.
ii) El Niño conditions are generally associated with weaker southwest monsoon rainfall in India.
iii) During El Niño years, the trade winds over the equatorial Pacific typically strengthen significantly.
iv) El Niño events are studied as part of the broader El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct: El Niño involves abnormal warming in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Statement 2 is correct: It is often linked with deficient or weaker Indian monsoon rainfall. Statement 3 is incorrect: Trade winds generally weaken during El Niño conditions. Statement 4 is correct: El Niño forms one phase of the ENSO climate system.