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Q1. With reference to Electoral Bonds in India, consider the following statements:
i) Electoral Bonds were introduced as a financial instrument for making donations to political parties through the banking system.
ii) Only political parties registered under the Representation of the People Act and securing at least 1% votes in the last general election are eligible to receive Electoral Bonds.
iii) Electoral Bonds allowed complete public disclosure of the identity of donors.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct: Electoral Bonds were introduced to channel political funding through formal banking mechanisms. Statement 2 is correct: Eligibility conditions included registration under the Representation of the People Act and a minimum vote share requirement. Statement 3 is incorrect: Donor identity was not publicly disclosed, which became a major issue in debates and judicial scrutiny.
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Q2. With reference to Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC), consider the following statements:
i) CBDC is a digital form of sovereign currency issued by the central bank.
ii) In India, the Reserve Bank of India has introduced pilot projects for the Digital Rupee.
iii) CBDC is the same as decentralized cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct: CBDC represents legal tender in digital form issued by the central bank. Statement 2 is correct: The RBI launched pilot projects for retail and wholesale Digital Rupee. Statement 3 is incorrect: CBDC is centrally issued and regulated, unlike decentralized cryptocurrencies.
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Q3. Consider the following statements regarding the Loss and Damage Fund.
i) The fund is intended to assist vulnerable countries facing climate-related losses and damages.
ii) The idea of a Loss and Damage mechanism is associated with international climate negotiations under the UNFCCC framework.
iii) The fund is exclusively meant for mitigation activities such as renewable energy projects.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct: The fund supports countries suffering irreversible climate impacts such as floods, droughts, and sea-level rise. Statement 2 is correct: The issue emerged prominently within UN climate negotiations and COP discussions. Statement 3 is incorrect: It addresses climate-induced loss and damage, not merely mitigation projects.
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Q4. With reference to mRNA vaccines, consider the following statements:
i) mRNA vaccines work by instructing cells to produce a protein that triggers an immune response.
ii) mRNA vaccines alter the DNA of the vaccinated individual permanently.
iii) mRNA vaccine technology gained global prominence during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct: Messenger RNA carries instructions for producing a target protein that stimulates immunity. Statement 2 is incorrect: mRNA does not integrate into or permanently alter human DNA. Statement 3 is correct: mRNA vaccines became widely known during COVID-19 vaccination campaigns.
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Q5. With reference to Classical Language status in India, consider the following statements:
i) The Government of India grants Classical Language status based on criteria including antiquity and rich literary heritage.
ii) Sanskrit and Tamil are among the languages accorded Classical Language status.
iii) A language once declared classical cannot receive any institutional or financial support from the Union Government.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct: Criteria include high antiquity of texts and an original literary tradition. Statement 2 is correct: Some of the languages granted Classical status include Tamil, Sanskrit, Kannada, Telugu etc. Statement 3 is incorrect: The Union Government may provide institutional support, research centers, and awards for classical languages.