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Q1. With reference to seismic waves generated during an earthquake, consider the following statements:
i) Primary (P) waves are compressional waves and can travel through solids, liquids, and gases.
ii) Secondary (S) waves can travel through both solids and liquids.
iii) P waves generally travel faster than S waves and therefore reach seismic stations earlier.
iv) The inability of S waves to pass through the Earth's outer core provides evidence regarding the nature of the outer core.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct: P waves involve compression and expansion of material and can pass through solids, liquids, and gases. Statement 2 is incorrect: S waves require rigidity of the medium and cannot travel through liquids. Statement 3 is correct: P waves are the fastest seismic waves. Statement 4 is correct: The absence of S-wave transmission through the outer core supports the conclusion that the outer core is liquid.
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Q2. This body serves as a platform for coordination among financial sector regulators in India wiith the Union Finance Minister as the chairman. One of its objectives is to strengthen financial stability and inter-regulatory cooperation. It helps address issues in areas like banking, pensions, insurance, securities markets etc. Which body is being discussed here?
- Financial Stability and Development Council serves as a platform for coordination among financial sector regulators in India wiith the Union Finance Minister as the chairman. One of its objectives is to strengthen financial stability and inter-regulatory cooperation. It helps address issues in areas like banking, pensions, insurance, securities markets etc.
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Q3. With reference to Kalaripayattu, consider the following statements:
i) Kalaripayattu is a traditional martial art associated primarily with Kerala.
ii) Training traditionally includes physical conditioning, weapon techniques, and combat skills.
iii) The art form has historically incorporated elements of healing practices alongside martial training.
iv) Kalaripayattu originated as a court dance tradition during the Mughal period.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct: Kalaripayattu is strongly associated with Kerala. Statement 2 is correct: Traditional training involves unarmed and armed combat techniques. Statement 3 is correct: Certain schools historically linked martial training with indigenous therapeutic practices. Statement 4 is incorrect: It is a martial tradition, not a Mughal-period court dance.
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Q4. Consider the following statements regrding Northern Black Polished Ware.
i) NBPW is a distinctive type of pottery associated with the early historic period in northern India.
ii) Its distribution is often linked with the growth of urban centres and expanding trade networks.
iii) NBPW is generally characterized by a highly polished surface.
iv) The discovery of NBPW at a site automatically proves that the site belonged to the Gupta period.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct: NBPW is an important archaeological marker of the early historic age. Statement 2 is correct: It is frequently associated with increasing urbanization, commerce, and state formation. Statement 3 is correct: The ware is known for its glossy black or metallic-looking polished finish. Statement 4 is incorrect: NBPW predates the Gupta period and cannot by itself establish Gupta-age occupation.
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Q5. With reference to Artificial Intelligence (AI) platforms and their societal implications, consider the following statements:
i) AI platforms based on machine learning can improve their performance by identifying patterns from large datasets.
ii) Generative AI systems are capable of producing new content such as text, images, audio, or computer code.
iii) Bias present in training data can influence the outputs generated by AI systems.
iv) AI-generated outputs are always factually accurate because they are produced through automated computation.
v) Concerns regarding AI governance include privacy, accountability, misinformation, and transparency.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct: Many AI systems use algorithms that learn patterns from data and improve performance over time. Statement 2 is correct: Generative AI can create original-looking content including essays, images, videos, music, and software code. Statement 3 is correct: If training data contains inaccuracies or social biases, the resulting AI outputs may reflect those biases. Statement 4 is incorrect: AI systems can generate inaccurate, misleading, or fabricated information despite appearing confident and coherent. Statement 5 is correct: Policymakers worldwide are debating issues such as privacy protection, algorithmic accountability, intellectual property, and misinformation.