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Q1. Below are given few astatements regarding the Indian Councils Act, 1892.
i) It introduced direct elections to the Central Legislative Council on the basis of universal adult franchise.
ii) It permitted members of the Legislative Councils to discuss the annual budget, though they could not vote upon it.
iii) The Act increased the number of additional members in the Central and Provincial Legislative Councils.
iv) It allowed certain public bodies to recommend persons for nomination to the Legislative Councils.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is incorrect: The Act did not introduce direct elections or universal adult franchise. It introduced an indirect system of recommendation for nominations, which was an early step toward representative institutions. Statement 2 is correct: Members could discuss the budget and ask questions under prescribed conditions, but they had no power to vote on the budget or move resolutions. Statement 3 is correct: The Act enlarged the Central and Provincial Legislative Councils by increasing the number of additional members. Statement 4 is correct: Municipalities, district boards, universities, and chambers of commerce could recommend members for nomination.
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Q2. With reference to jet streams, consider the following statements:
i) Jet streams are narrow bands of strong winds that generally blow in the upper troposphere flowing from west to east due to global atmospheric circulation and the Earth's rotation.
ii) Jet streams remain fixed over one geographical location throughout the year and one such example is the the Subtropical Jet Stream which significantly influences the winter weather of northern India.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct: Jet streams occur near the tropopause and can attain very high wind speeds. They generally move from west to east because of pressure gradients and the Coriolis effect. Statement 2 is incorrect: Jet streams shift northward and southward with the seasons. The Subtropical Westerly Jet influences western disturbances and winter rainfall over northwestern India.
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Q3. Consider the following statements with reference to gait analysis in forensic investigation.
i) Gait analysis involves the study of an individual's pattern of walking or movement.
ii) In criminal investigations, gait characteristics may be compared with surveillance footage to aid identification.
iii) Gait analysis alone establishes the identity of a suspect with absolute certainty in every case.
iv) Factors such as injury, age, footwear, or the surface on which a person walks may influence gait characteristics.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct: Gait analysis examines distinctive walking patterns and body movement. Statement 2 is correct: Investigators may use gait comparisons as one piece of corroborative evidence, especially when facial identification is difficult. Statement 3 is incorrect: Gait analysis is supporting evidence. It cannot, by itself, establish identity beyond doubt because gait may vary and different individuals can display similar walking patterns. Statement 4 is correct: Temporary or permanent factors—including injury, fatigue, footwear, clothing, and walking surface—can affect an individual's gait.
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Q4. With reference to soils in India, consider the following statements:
i) Black soils are predominantly found over the Deccan Plateau and are well suited for cotton cultivation.
ii) Laterite soils are generally formed under conditions of high temperature and heavy rainfall.
iii) Alluvial soils occur mainly in the Indo-Gangetic plains and major river deltas.
iv) Red soils are confined exclusively to the Himalayan region.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct: Black (regur) soils are widespread in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Telangana, and parts of Karnataka and are ideal for cotton. Statement 2 is correct: Laterite soils develop under intense leaching in tropical climatic conditions. Statement 3 is correct: Alluvial soils dominate the northern plains and many coastal deltas. Statement 4 is incorrect: Red soils occur widely across peninsular India, particularly in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and Chhattisgarh.
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Q5. This port is located on the east coast of India near the confluence of the Mahanadi River and the Bay of Bengal. It was declared the eighth major port of India on 18 April 1966 and is a deep-water, artificial lagoon-type harbour protected by breakwaters. The port is situated south of Kolkata and is designated as one of India's Green Hydrogen Hubs. Which port is being discussed here?
- Paradip port is located on the east coast of India near the confluence of the Mahanadi River and the Bay of Bengal. It was declared the eighth major port of India on 18 April 1966 and is a deep-water, artificial lagoon-type harbour protected by breakwaters. The port is situated south of Kolkata and is designated as one of India's Green Hydrogen Hubs.