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Q1. Below are given few statements regarding glacial landforms:
i) A cirque is a bowl-shaped depression carved by the erosion of a glacier near its source.
ii) Arêtes are formed when two adjacent glaciers erode parallel valleys, leaving behind a sharp ridge.
iii) A drumlin is a depositional feature composed mainly of glacial till and generally has a blunt end facing the direction from which the glacier advanced.
iv) Fjords are broad glacial valleys that have been deepened solely by fluvial erosion and later submerged by rising sea level.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct. A cirque (corrie or cwm) is a semicircular, steep-sided hollow formed at the head of a glacier by processes such as plucking, abrasion and freeze-thaw weathering. Statement 2 is correct. When glaciers occupy adjacent valleys, erosion on both sides leaves a narrow knife-edged ridge known as an arête. If several cirques erode towards one another, they may produce a pyramidal peak (horn). Statement 3 is correct. A drumlin is a streamlined hill composed mainly of unsorted glacial till. The steeper end usually faces the direction from which the glacier came, while the tapered end points in the direction of ice movement. Statement 4 is correct. A fjord is a submerged glacial valley. It is created when a glacier excavates a deep U-shaped valley that later becomes flooded by seawater.
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Q2. Consider the following statements regarding the Dwarasamudra-based Hoysala Kingdom:
i) Dwarasamudra served as the principal capital of the Hoysalas during the period of their political expansion.
ii) The Hoysalas were noted for constructing temples using soapstone, permitting intricate sculptural ornamentation.
iii) The Chennakesava Temple at Belur and the Hoysaleswara Temple at Halebidu are associated with Hoysala patronage.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct. Dwarasamudra (modern Halebidu) became the principal capital of the Hoysalas after Belur and served as the centre of their administration. Statement 2 is correct. The Hoysalas extensively used chloritic schist (soapstone), a soft stone that allowed extremely fine carvings and decorative detailing. Statement 3 is correct. Both the Chennakesava Temple (Belur) and Hoysaleswara Temple (Halebidu) are masterpieces of Hoysala architecture.
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Q3. This is a practice which refers to parents' desire to continue having children until the preferred number of sons is achieved. The practice may contribute to larger family sizes despite declining fertility rates. It is identical to sex-selective abortion because both involve the same demographic mechanism. Reducing gender discrimination and improving women's socio-economic status can weaken this phenomena over time. Which practice is being talked about?
- Meta son preference is a practice which refers to parents' desire to continue having children until the preferred number of sons is achieved. The Meta son preference may contribute to larger family sizes despite declining fertility rates. It is identical to sex-selective abortion because both involve the same demographic mechanism. Reducing gender discrimination and improving women's socio-economic status can weaken this phenomena over time.
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Q4. This climate agreement established legally binding greenhouse gas emission reduction commitments for developed countries listed under Annex I. The agreement introduced market-based mechanisms such as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Under it, developing countries were assigned emission reduction targets identical to those of developed countries and this played a significant role in encouraging carbon markets and international cooperation on climate mitigation. Which climate agreement is being discussed here?
- Kyoto Protocol established legally binding greenhouse gas emission reduction commitments for developed countries listed under Annex I. The agreement introduced market-based mechanisms such as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Under it, developing countries were assigned emission reduction targets identical to those of developed countries and this played a significant role in encouraging carbon markets and international cooperation on climate mitigation.
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Q5. Consider the following statements regarding a Citizen's Charter:
i) A Citizen's Charter primarily seeks to improve accountability and quality of public service delivery. It creates legally enforceable rights enabling citizens to claim compensation for deficient services.
ii) Citizen's Charters generally specify standards of service, grievance redressal mechanisms and responsibilities of both service providers and citizens.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is incorrect. The objective is to make public administration more transparent, citizen-centric and accountable. But a Citizen's Charter is generally not legally enforceable unless supported by a statutory framework or service guarantee legislation. Statement 2 is correct. Most charters describe: Services offered, Time limits, Standards of performance, Grievance redressal procedures and Responsibilities of citizens. Regular updating based on public feedback makes the Charter more relevant and effective.