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Q1. Consider the following statements regarding the Later Mughal rulers:
i) Bahadur Shah I attempted to reconcile with several regional groups, including the Rajputs, after the death of Aurangzeb.
ii) Farrukhsiyar ascended the Mughal throne with the support of the Sayyid Brothers.
iii) Muhammad Shah's reign witnessed the invasion of Nadir Shah into India.
iv) Bahadur Shah Zafar exercised effective political authority over most parts of northern India during the Revolt of 1857.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct. Following Aurangzeb's death (1707), Bahadur Shah I pursued a relatively conciliatory policy toward several regional powers, including the Rajputs and Marathas, though he could not fully restore imperial authority. Statement 2 is correct. Farrukhsiyar became emperor in 1713 with decisive military and political assistance from the Sayyid Brothers, who subsequently exercised enormous influence over imperial affairs. Statement 3 is correct. The reign of Muhammad Shah (1719–1748) witnessed Nadir Shah's invasion (1739), during which Delhi was plundered and the Peacock Throne and Koh-i-Noor were carried away. Statement 4 is incorrect. Although Bahadur Shah Zafar was proclaimed the symbolic leader of the Revolt of 1857, he exercised little real political or military authority. Actual control rested largely with rebel leaders in different regions.
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Q2. With reference to Tsunami waves, consider the following statements:
i) Love waves and Rayleigh waves are both categories of surface seismic waves. Tsunamis are generated by Rayleigh waves travelling through the ocean.
ii) Love waves involve horizontal side-to-side movement of the ground, whereas Rayleigh waves produce a rolling motion.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct. Both Love waves and Rayleigh waves are surface waves generated during earthquakes. They generally arrive after P and S waves but often cause greater damage near the Earth's surface. A tsunami is generated by sudden displacement of a large volume of seawater, usually due to vertical movement of the ocean floor during undersea earthquakes. Statement 2 is correct. Love waves move the ground horizontally from side to side. Rayleigh waves produce an elliptical, rolling motion resembling ocean waves.
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Q3. Consider the following statements regarding the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India:
i) The conditions of service and tenure of the CAG cannot be altered to his or her disadvantage after appointment.
ii) The CAG is eligible for further appointment under the Union Government after retirement.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct. Articles 148 to 151 establish the office of the Comptroller and Auditor General. Statement 2 is incorrect. The Constitution bars the CAG from accepting any further office under the Government of India or a State Government after retirement.
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Q4. Consider the following statements regarding the Rotterdam Convention:
i) The Convention promotes shared responsibility in the international trade of specified hazardous chemicals and pesticides.
ii) It establishes the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) procedure for certain hazardous chemicals.
iii) The Convention completely prohibits international trade in every chemical listed under it.
iv) Exporting countries are required to respect the import decisions communicated by importing Parties under the PIC procedure.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct. The Convention seeks to improve cooperation and information exchange regarding hazardous chemicals traded internationally. Statement 2 is correct. Its central feature is the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) procedure. Statement 3 is incorrect. The Convention does not ban trade in listed chemicals. Instead, it regulates trade by ensuring that importing countries make informed decisions. Statement 4 is correct. Exporting Parties are expected to comply with the import decisions of importing Parties under the PIC mechanism.
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Q5. This national park is located in the Bhal region, a flat alluvial plain, and is one of India's smaller national parks.
It is a tropical grassland ecosystem famous for having one of India's largest populations of Blackbuck. It hosts thousands of migratory harrier birds (such as Montagu's, Pallid and Marsh Harriers), forming one of the largest communal winter roosts of harriers in the world. Which national park is being discussed here?
- Velavadar National Parkis located in the Bhal region, a flat alluvial plain, and is one of India's smaller national parks. It is a tropical grassland ecosystem famous for having one of India's largest populations of Blackbuck. It hosts thousands of migratory harrier birds (such as Montagu's, Pallid and Marsh Harriers), forming one of the largest communal winter roosts of harriers in the world.