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Q1. Consider the following statements regarding Rubella:
i) Rubella is caused by a virus and spreads primarily through respiratory droplets from an infected person.
ii) Infection with rubella during early pregnancy can lead to congenital abnormalities in the unborn child.
iii) India has included the Rubella-containing vaccine as part of its Universal Immunization Programme (UIP).
iv) Since rubella is transmitted through mosquitoes, vector control measures constitute the primary strategy for its prevention.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct. Rubella is caused by the Rubella virus, a member of the genus Rubivirus. It spreads mainly through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. Humans are the only known natural reservoir. Statement 2 is correct. Although rubella is often a mild disease in children and adults, infection during the first trimester of pregnancy can result in Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS). CRS may cause: Congenital heart defects Cataracts Hearing impairment Developmental delays Neurological abnormalities Statement 3 is correct. India introduced the Measles-Rubella (MR) vaccine under the Universal Immunization Programme to reduce the burden of both diseases. The long-term goal is the elimination of measles and rubella through high vaccination coverage and effective surveillance. Statement 4 is incorrect. Rubella is not a vector-borne disease. Unlike dengue or malaria, it is not transmitted by mosquitoes. Therefore, vector control plays no role in its prevention. Vaccination remains the most effective preventive measure.
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Q2. Consider the following statements-
i) Indian Oil Corporation began commercial production of Sustainable Aviation Fuel from used cooking oil at its Panipat refinery.
ii) The Sustainable Aviation Fuel will contribute to 60% of projected aviation decarbonisation and it will reduce lifecycle carbon emissions by up to 80% compared to fossil jet fuel.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
- Both statements are correct- i) Indian Oil Corporation began commercial production of Sustainable Aviation Fuel from used cooking oil at its Panipat refinery. ii) The Sustainable Aviation Fuel will contribute to 60% of projected aviation decarbonisation and it will reduce lifecycle carbon emissions by up to 80% compared to fossil jet fuel.
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Q3. The Framework for Responsible and Ethical Enablement of Artificial Intelligence has been released by which of the following organiastions?
- The Framework for Responsible and Ethical Enablement of Artificial Intelligence has been released by the Reserve Bank of India.
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Q4. Below are given few statements regarding food fortification:
i) Food fortification involves the addition of essential micronutrients to commonly consumed foods to improve their nutritional value.
ii) Fortification is intended to replace a balanced diet and therefore eliminates the need for dietary diversification.
iii) Staple foods such as rice, wheat flour, edible oil, milk and salt can be used as vehicles for fortification.
iv) Fortification can help address deficiencies of micronutrients such as iron, iodine, vitamin A and folic acid at the population level.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct. Food fortification is the deliberate addition of vitamins or minerals to foods during processing to improve their nutritional quality and reduce micronutrient deficiencies. Statement 2 is incorrect. Fortification is not a substitute for a balanced and diversified diet. It complements other nutrition interventions such as: Dietary diversification, Nutrition education, Supplementation, Public health measures, Statement 3 is correct. Common food vehicles include: Salt (iodine) Rice (iron, folic acid, vitamin B12) Wheat flour (iron and folic acid) Edible oil (vitamin A and D) Milk (vitamin A and D) These are selected because they are widely consumed by the population. Statement 4 is correct. Fortification is an effective public health strategy to combat "hidden hunger" caused by deficiencies of essential micronutrients, especially among vulnerable groups.
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Q5. Consider the following statements regarding the Kakori Conspiracy (1925):
i) The Kakori action was carried out by members of the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA).
ii) The primary objective of the operation was to seize government funds for financing revolutionary activities.
iii) Ram Prasad Bismil and Ashfaqulla Khan were among the revolutionaries associated with the conspiracy.
iv) The Kakori incident directly led to the launch of the Civil Disobedience Movement by the Indian National Congress.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct. The Kakori Conspiracy was planned and executed by revolutionaries belonging to the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA), an organization committed to ending British colonial rule through revolutionary action. Statement 2 is correct. The revolutionaries targeted a train carrying government treasury funds. Their objective was to obtain financial resources for acquiring arms, expanding their organization, and sustaining revolutionary activities—not for personal enrichment. Statement 3 is correct. Prominent revolutionaries associated with the Kakori Conspiracy included: Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, Rajendra Lahiri, Roshan Singh, Chandrashekhar Azad (who evaded arrest), Sachindra Nath Bakshi and Manmath Nath Gupta. Several participants were later tried, and four were executed. Statement 4 is incorrect. The Civil Disobedience Movement began in 1930, following Gandhi's Salt March. The Kakori Conspiracy of 1925 had no direct role in initiating that movement, though it significantly influenced the revolutionary stream of India's freedom struggle.