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Q1. Consider the following statements regarding Ebola Virus Disease (EVD):
i) Ebola is caused by a virus belonging to the Filoviridae family.
ii) Human-to-human transmission occurs through direct contact with the blood or other bodily fluids of an infected person.
iii) Airborne transmission is considered the principal mode of spread of Ebola during outbreaks.
iv) Early symptoms commonly include fever, severe weakness and muscle pain before more severe complications may develop.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct. Ebola Virus Disease is caused by viruses of the genus Ebolavirus, belonging to the Filoviridae family. Several species of the virus have been identified, though not all cause large human outbreaks. Statement 2 is correct. Transmission occurs through: Direct contact with infected blood, Saliva, Vomit, Urine, Semen, Breast milk and ontaminated medical equipment or surfaces. Healthcare workers are particularly at risk without proper infection control. Statement 3 is incorrect. Unlike influenza or measles, Ebola is not primarily an airborne disease. Its spread depends on close physical contact with infectious body fluids. Statement 4 is correct. Initial symptoms often resemble influenza: High fever, Headache, Muscle pain, Fatigue and Sore throat As the disease progresses, vomiting, diarrhoea, internal and external bleeding, and multi-organ failure may occur in severe cases.
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Q2. Below are given few statements regarding the Regulating Act of 1773:
i) It recognised the political and administrative responsibilities of the East India Company over its territorial possessions in India.
ii) The Governor of Bengal was designated as the Governor-General of Bengal with an Executive Council to assist him.
iii) The Act established a Supreme Court at Calcutta.
iv) The Presidencies of Madras and Bombay were made subordinate to Bengal in matters of war and diplomacy.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct. The British Parliament intervened because of concerns over corruption and mismanagement by the East India Company. The Act marked the beginning of Parliamentary supervision over the Company's affairs. Statement 2 is correct. The Act created the office of the Governor-General of Bengal, assisted by an Executive Council of four members. Warren Hastings became the first Governor-General under this arrangement. Statement 3 is correct. A Supreme Court was established at Fort William, Calcutta, beginning its work in 1774. It consisted of a Chief Justice and puisne judges appointed by the Crown. Statement 4 is incorrect. The Presidencies of Madras and Bombay were made subordinate to Bengal in matters of war and diplomacy, but they were not stripped of all legislative or administrative authority.
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Q3. This is a large-scale atmospheric circulation system extending roughly from the Equator to about 30° latitude in both hemispheres. Warm air rises near the Equator due to intense solar heating and descends in the subtropical regions. The descending limb of this Cell contributes to the formation of many of the world's major deserts.
It is primarily responsible for the occurrence of polar easterlies. Which atmospheric cell is being discussed here?
- Hadley cell is a large-scale atmospheric circulation system extending roughly from the Equator to about 30° latitude in both hemispheres. Warm air rises near the Equator due to intense solar heating and descends in the subtropical regions. The descending limb of this Cell contributes to the formation of many of the world's major deserts. It is primarily responsible for the occurrence of polar easterlies.
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Q4. Consider the following statements regarding ecological succession:
i) Primary succession begins on surfaces where soil is absent, whereas secondary succession occurs where a previous community has existed.
ii) Ecological succession invariably culminates in a single permanent climax community irrespective of future disturbances.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct. Ecological succession is the natural process through which ecosystems develop from simpler to more complex communities over time. Primary succession starts on newly exposed surfaces such as lava flows or bare rock, where no soil exists. Secondary succession occurs after disturbances such as forest fires or cultivation, where soil remains intact. Statement 2 is incorrect. Modern ecology recognizes that ecosystems are dynamic. Disturbances such as fires, floods, invasive species and climate change may alter or reset succession. Therefore, a single permanent climax community is not inevitable.
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Q5. This River is the largest river system of the Indian Thar Desert originating near Nag Pahar (Snake Hill) in the Aravalli Range. It is an endorheic (inland drainage) river, meaning it does not drain into the sea. The upper reaches contain relatively fresh water, but the river becomes increasingly saline downstream due to evaporation and the saline geology of the arid region.
Major tributaries include: Jawai, Sukri and Bandi. Which river is being discussed here ?
- Luni river is the largest river system of the Indian Thar Desert originating near Nag Pahar (Snake Hill) in the Aravalli Range. It is an endorheic (inland drainage) river, meaning it does not drain into the sea. The upper reaches contain relatively fresh water, but the river becomes increasingly saline downstream due to evaporation and the saline geology of the arid region. Major tributaries include: Jawai, Sukri and Bandi.