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Q1. Consider the following statements regarding quantum-enabled algorithmic trading:
i) Quantum-enabled algorithmic trading seeks to employ principles of quantum computing to solve complex optimization and computational problems encountered in financial markets.
ii) Quantum computing has already replaced all conventional high-frequency trading systems operating in major stock exchanges across the world.
iii) Quantum algorithms have the potential to improve areas such as portfolio optimization, risk modelling and pattern recognition if sufficiently advanced quantum hardware becomes commercially viable.
iv) Practical deployment of quantum-enabled trading presently faces challenges such as hardware limitations, error correction and scalability.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct. Quantum-enabled algorithmic trading refers to the possible application of quantum computing techniques to financial decision-making. The objective is to solve computationally intensive problems more efficiently than classical systems in suitable situations. Potential applications include: Portfolio optimization Derivatives pricing Fraud detection Market simulation Risk analysis Statement 2 is incorrect. Quantum computers have not replaced conventional algorithmic or high-frequency trading systems. Current financial markets continue to rely almost entirely on classical computing infrastructure because today's quantum computers remain limited in scale, stability and error rates. Statement 3 is correct. Researchers expect mature quantum computing to improve: Large-scale optimization Machine learning Pattern recognition Monte Carlo simulations Financial forecasting These remain promising research areas rather than universally adopted commercial applications. Statement 4 is correct. Major challenges include: Quantum decoherence High error rates Limited qubit counts Expensive hardware Difficult error correction Scalability constraints These factors currently limit widespread deployment.
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Q2. Consider the following statements regarding Special and Differential Treatment (S&DT) under the World Trade Organization (WTO):
i) Special and Differential Treatment recognizes that developing and least developed countries may require greater flexibility in implementing WTO obligations.
ii) S&DT provisions may provide longer implementation periods or technical assistance for eligible members.
iii) Under the WTO framework, developed countries are legally prohibited from granting tariff concessions to least developed countries beyond those available to other members.
iv) One objective of S&DT is to facilitate the fuller participation of developing countries in the multilateral trading system.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct. The WTO recognizes differences in levels of economic development. Accordingly, S&DT provisions provide flexibility to developing and least developed countries while implementing WTO agreements. Statement 2 is correct. Special and Differential Treatment may include: Longer transition periods Technical assistance Capacity building Additional flexibility in implementation The purpose is to strengthen institutional and economic capacities. Statement 3 is incorrect. The WTO framework allows certain preferential market access schemes for least developed countries (LDCs). Developed countries may provide tariff preferences under arrangements consistent with WTO rules. Therefore, such concessions are not prohibited. Statement 4 is correct. S&DT aims to ensure that developing countries can participate more effectively in global trade by recognizing developmental constraints.
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Q3. Below are given few statements regarding the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA):
i) The Act regulates the acceptance and utilization of foreign contributions by specified individuals, associations and organizations.
ii) Receipt of foreign contribution under the Act is intended to ensure that such funds do not adversely affect national interests or public policy objectives.
iii) Following amendments to the law, organizations receiving foreign contributions cannot freely transfer such funds to other organizations.
iv) Registration under the Act is subject to prescribed conditions and may be suspended or cancelled under specified circumstances.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct. The FCRA regulates the receipt and use of foreign contributions by: Associations, NGOs, Trusts, Societies etc. The objective is regulation rather than a blanket prohibition. Statement 2 is correct. The Act seeks to ensure that foreign funding does not adversely affect: National security, Sovereignty, Democratic processes, Public interest, Public order Statement 3 is correct. Following amendments to the law, organizations receiving foreign contributions cannot freely transfer such funds to other organizations. Utilization is subject to statutory restrictions and regulatory oversight. Statement 4 is correct. Registration is conditional upon compliance with statutory requirements. Authorities may: Suspend registration Cancel registration Decline renewal Require compliance reports
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Q4. Which of the following countries is not a part of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)?
- The members of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation are China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, India, Pakistan, Iran and Belarus.
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Q5. This glacier is located in the Karakoram Range in the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan-administered Kashmir. It is one of Asia's Longest Glaciers, approximately 63 km long. The glacier is famous for Snow Lake (Lukpe Lawo), a vast high-altitude snow basin located near its upper reaches. This glacier joins with the Hispar Glacier through the Hispar Pass, forming one of the longest continuous glacial systems outside the polar regions, with a combined length of about 100 km. Which glacier is being discussed here?
- Biafo glacier is located in the Karakoram Range in the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan-administered Kashmir. It is one of Asia's Longest Glaciers, approximately 63 km long. The glacier is famous for Snow Lake (Lukpe Lawo), a vast high-altitude snow basin located near its upper reaches. This glacier joins with the Hispar Glacier through the Hispar Pass, forming one of the longest continuous glacial systems outside the polar regions, with a combined length of about 100 km.