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Q1. Consider the following statements regarding the Government of India Act, 1935:
i) The Act proposed the establishment of an All-India Federation comprising British Indian Provinces and Princely States.
ii) It introduced provincial autonomy by abolishing dyarchy at the provincial level.
iii) Dyarchy was proposed at the Centre under the Act, although it never came into operation.
iv) The Act established a bicameral legislature in every province of British India.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct. The Act envisaged an All-India Federation consisting of: British Indian Provinces (whose participation was compulsory), and Princely States (whose accession was voluntary). Since the required number of princely states never joined, the federation never came into existence. Statement 2 is correct. The Act abolished dyarchy in the provinces, which had been introduced under the Government of India Act, 1919. Provincial autonomy meant that ministers responsible to elected legislatures exercised authority over provincial subjects. Statement 3 is correct. While dyarchy was abolished in the provinces, it was proposed at the Central Government, where federal subjects were to be divided into reserved and transferred subjects. However, because the federation itself was never established, central dyarchy was never implemented. Statement 4 is incorrect. Only six provinces had bicameral legislatures under the Act. Most provinces continued with unicameral legislatures.
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Q2. Below are given few statements regarding major ocean currents:
i) Warm ocean currents generally transport heat from lower latitudes towards higher latitudes.
ii) Cold ocean currents are usually associated with the western coasts of continents in the subtropical latitudes.
iii) Ocean currents are influenced by prevailing winds, Earth's rotation and differences in water density.
iv) The Gulf Stream is a warm water current flowing southward along the eastern coast of North America.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct. Warm currents such as: Gulf Stream, Kuroshio Current and Brazil Current carry warm tropical waters toward higher latitudes, moderating the climate of nearby coastal regions. Statement 2 is correct. Cold currents commonly occur along the western margins of continents, including: California Current, Peru (Humboldt) Current and Benguela Current often promote coastal upwelling and support rich fisheries. Statement 3 is correct. Ocean circulation is governed by several interacting factors: Planetary winds Coriolis force Density differences caused by temperature and salinity Configuration of continents Gravity and tidal influences Statement 4 is correct. The Gulf Stream is one of the world's strongest warm currents. It flows north-eastward, carrying warm waters from the Gulf of Mexico across the North Atlantic.
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Q3. Consider the following statements regarding the clemency powers of the President of India:
i) The President may exercise the power of pardon in all cases where the sentence is imposed by a court martial.
ii) The President exercises these powers independently without being bound by the advice of the Council of Ministers.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct. The President's clemency powers extend to court-martial cases, unlike the Governor's powers under Article 161. Statement 2 is incorrect. Although the power is formally vested in the President, it is exercised on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers, as interpreted by the Supreme Court. The President may seek reconsideration once, but is ultimately bound by the advice tendered after reconsideration.
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Q4. Below are given few statements regarding international agreements relating to the protection of the ozone layer:
i) The Vienna Convention provides a framework for international cooperation in protecting the ozone layer but does not itself prescribe legally binding targets for reducing ozone-depleting substances.
ii) The Montreal Protocol establishes legally binding measures to phase out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances.
iii) The Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol primarily seeks the phased reduction of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which are potent greenhouse gases though they generally do not deplete the ozone layer.
iv) The Montreal Protocol regulates greenhouse gas emissions from all sectors of the economy with the objective of implementing the Paris Agreement.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct. The Vienna Convention (1985) established a framework for: Scientific research, Monitoring, Information exchange and International cooperation It did not prescribe mandatory reduction schedules for ozone-depleting substances. Statement 2 is correct. The Montreal Protocol (1987) introduced legally binding obligations to progressively phase out substances such as: CFCs, Halons, Carbon tetrachloride, Methyl chloroform and HCFCs. It is widely regarded as one of the most successful environmental treaties. Statement 3 is correct. The Kigali Amendment (2016) addresses Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). Although HFCs generally do not damage the ozone layer, they possess high global warming potential. The amendment therefore contributes to both environmental protection and climate change mitigation. Statement 4 is incorrect. The Montreal Protocol is not a comprehensive climate treaty. Its primary focus remains: Ozone layer protection, Regulation of ozone-depleting substances. The Paris Agreement is the principal international treaty dealing broadly with climate change mitigation and adaptation.
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Q5. This writ is a constitutional remedy issued by the High Courts under Article 226 and the Supreme Court under Article 32 to prevent a person from illegally occupying a public office.
Through this writ, the court asks a person: "By what legal authority are you holding this public office?"
If the person cannot establish a valid legal authority, the court can declare the office vacant and remove the individual from that post. Which WRIT is being discussed here?
- Quo Warranto is a constitutional remedy issued by the High Courts under Article 226 and the Supreme Court under Article 32 to prevent a person from illegally occupying a public office. The Latin expression "Quo Warranto" literally means "By what authority?" or "By what warrant?" Through this writ, the court asks a person: "By what legal authority are you holding this public office?" If the person cannot establish a valid legal authority, the court can declare the office vacant and remove the individual from that post.