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Q1. Consider the following statements regarding AdFalciVax, a multi-stage malaria vaccine candidate:
i) AdFalciVax is designed to target more than one stage of the life cycle of the malaria parasite.
ii) The vaccine candidate is intended primarily against Plasmodium falciparum, the species responsible for the most severe form of malaria.
iii) By targeting multiple parasite stages, the vaccine aims to reduce disease severity as well as interrupt parasite transmission.
iv) AdFalciVax has already been incorporated into India's Universal Immunisation Programme for nationwide administration.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct. Unlike vaccines directed at a single stage of the parasite's development, AdFalciVax seeks to generate immunity against multiple stages of the malaria parasite's life cycle. Statement 2 is correct. The vaccine has been developed with a focus on Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest malaria parasite affecting humans. Statement 3 is correct. A multi-stage vaccine strategy aims to: Reduce infection, Lower disease severity, Interrupt parasite development and Reduce transmission potential. This broader immune response may improve overall effectiveness. Statement 4 is incorrect. AdFalciVax remains a vaccine candidate under research and evaluation. It has not been included in India's Universal Immunisation Programme.
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Q2. Below are few statements regarding the Vote of Confidence in the Indian parliamentary system:
i) The Constitution of India expressly provides a detailed procedure for moving and voting upon a Confidence Motion.
ii) Failure to secure a Vote of Confidence ordinarily requires the Council of Ministers to resign or otherwise vacate office.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is incorrect. The Constitution does not prescribe a detailed procedure for a Confidence Motion. Its conduct is based on: Parliamentary conventions, Rules of Procedure of the House and Directions of the Speaker. The constitutional basis is the principle of collective responsibility under Article 75(3). Statement 2 is correct. If the government fails to obtain majority support, it loses the confidence of the House. The Council of Ministers must: Resign, or Continue only until an alternative government is formed or other constitutional steps are taken.
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Q3. Consider the following statements regarding the Universal Postal Union (UPU):
i) The Universal Postal Union establishes a framework for cooperation among member countries in international postal services.
ii) Every member country is required to maintain identical domestic postal tariffs under the UPU framework.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct. The UPU facilitates cooperation among postal administrations to ensure the efficient movement of international mail across national boundaries. Statement 2 is incorrect. The UPU does not prescribe identical domestic postal rates. Each country independently determines: Domestic tariffs, Internal postal policies, National postal regulations.
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Q4. Consider the following statements regarding Mira variable stars:
i) Mira variables are pulsating stars whose brightness changes periodically due to repeated expansion and contraction of their outer layers.
ii) These stars are generally in the late stages of stellar evolution and possess relatively cool surfaces.
iii) The variation in brightness of Mira variables is caused primarily by eclipses produced by orbiting companion stars.
iv) Mira variables have comparatively long periods of variability, often extending over several months.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct. Mira variables are intrinsic variable stars. Their brightness changes because the star itself periodically expands and contracts, altering its temperature, radius and luminosity. Statement 2 is correct. These stars are: Red giants, Cool stars, Highly evolved and Near the final stages of stellar evolution. Many lose substantial mass through stellar winds. Statement 3 is incorrect. Mira variables are not eclipsing binaries. Their brightness changes originate within the star itself. By contrast, eclipsing variables exhibit changing brightness because one star periodically blocks the light of another. Statement 4 is correct. Typical variability periods range from about 80 days to well over 1,000 days, though many classical Mira variables have periods between 200 and 500 days.
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Q5. Below are given few statements regarding the socio-economic concept of Involution:
i) Involution refers to a situation in which increasing labour or effort is absorbed into an existing economic activity without a proportionate increase in productivity.
ii) The phenomenon is often associated with diminishing returns to additional labour in a resource-constrained setting.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct. Involution describes a process where increasing labour is absorbed into an existing production system without corresponding gains in output per worker. The system becomes more intensive but not necessarily more productive. Statement 4 is correct. As additional labour is employed on a fixed resource base, the economy may experience: Lower marginal productivity, Diminishing returns, Fragmentation of livelihoods and Underemployment.