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Q1. Consider the following statements regarding the Upanishads:
i) The Brihadaranyaka and Chandogya Upanishads are among the early and philosophically significant Upanishads.
ii) The Upanishadic tradition is primarily concerned with questions relating to the nature of the self, ultimate reality, knowledge and liberation.
iii) The Upanishads reject the idea of knowledge as a means of attaining spiritual liberation and emphasize only ritual sacrifices.
iv) The relationship between Atman and Brahman is an important theme in several Upanishadic teachings.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct. The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad and Chandogya Upanishad are generally regarded among the earliest major Upanishads. They contain important philosophical dialogues concerning reality, consciousness, the self and the ultimate principle. Statement 2 is correct. The Upanishads represent a major development in Indian philosophical thought. They explore questions such as: What is the ultimate reality? What is the true nature of the self? What happens after death? What constitutes true knowledge? How can liberation from the cycle of birth and death be achieved? Statement 3 is incorrect. The Upanishadic tradition does not emphasize only ritual sacrifice. Rather, it gives increasing importance to knowledge, self-realization and philosophical inquiry as means toward liberation. Statement 4 is correct. The concepts of Atman (self) and Brahman (ultimate reality) occupy a central place in many Upanishadic discussions. Their relationship is expressed differently across different texts and later philosophical schools.
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Q2. Below are given few statements regarding biomagnification:
i) Biomagnification refers to an increase in the concentration of certain persistent pollutants at progressively higher trophic levels of a food chain.
ii) A substance is more likely to undergo biomagnification when it is persistent, poorly metabolized and capable of accumulating in organisms.
iii) Biomagnification can cause predators at higher trophic levels to accumulate greater concentrations of certain contaminants than organisms at lower trophic levels.
iv) Biomagnification occurs only when a pollutant is directly absorbed from air or water and does not involve food-chain transfer.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct. Biomagnification occurs when the concentration of a contaminant increases as one moves upward through successive trophic levels. A persistent pollutant may become progressively more concentrated along this chain. Statement 2 is correct. Pollutants particularly prone to biomagnification generally possess characteristics such as: Persistence in the environment, Resistance to degradation, Ability to accumulate in tissues, Low metabolic breakdown and affinity for fats. Statement 3 is correct. A top predator consumes many contaminated organisms during its lifetime. Consequently, the accumulated pollutant burden can become substantially higher than that in organisms occupying lower trophic positions. Statement 4 is incorrect. Food-chain transfer is central to biomagnification. Direct uptake from water or air may contribute to an organism's contaminant burden, but biomagnification specifically concerns the progressive increase in concentration through trophic transfer.
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Q3. Consider the following statements regarding oceanic upwelling and downwelling:
i) Upwelling brings relatively cold, nutrient-rich water from deeper layers toward the ocean surface and it can support highly productive fisheries because nutrients stimulate phytoplankton growth.
ii) Downwelling transports surface water toward deeper parts of the ocean and can contribute to the transfer of oxygen into deeper waters.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct. Upwelling involves the movement of deeper water toward the surface. Deep ocean water generally contains nutrients such as: Nitrates, Phosphates and Silicates. These nutrients accumulate because of the decomposition of sinking organic matter. When nutrient-rich deep water reaches the photic zone, it promotes phytoplankton growth. Statement 2 is correct. Downwelling involves surface water moving downward. It can transport oxygenated surface water into deeper layers and plays a role in the redistribution of heat, gases and nutrients. Large-scale sinking of dense water at high latitudes is particularly important for global ocean circulation.
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Q4. This 'X' phenomena occurs when the quantity or size of a product is reduced while its advertised or displayed price remains unchanged or changes by less than the reduction in quantity. It can result in an increase in the effective price paid by consumers per unit of the product. Producers may resort to this when they face rising input costs but wish to avoid a conspicuous increase in the sticker price. Which phenomena is being discusssed here?
- Shrinkflation occurs when the quantity or size of a product is reduced while its advertised or displayed price remains unchanged or changes by less than the reduction in quantity. It can result in an increase in the effective price paid by consumers per unit of the product. Producers may resort to this when they face rising input costs but wish to avoid a conspicuous increase in the sticker price.
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Q5. Consider the following statements regarding the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG):
i) The CAG is a constitutional authority established under Article 148 of the Constitution.
ii) The CAG audits receipts and expenditure of the Union and State governments and performs other audit functions prescribed by law.
iii) The CAG is appointed by the President of India and can be removed in a manner similar to a judge of the Supreme Court.
iv) The reports of the CAG relating to the accounts of the Union are submitted directly to the Parliament without passing through the President.
v) The CAG is eligible for further office under the Government of India or a State Government after completing the term of office.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct. The Comptroller and Auditor General of India is a constitutional authority under Article 148. Statement 2 is correct. The CAG audits government finances, including the receipts and expenditure of the Union and States, subject to the constitutional and statutory framework. Statement 3 is correct. The CAG is appointed by the President of India. The CAG can be removed from office only in a manner and on grounds similar to those applicable to a Supreme Court judge. This high threshold is intended to protect the independence of the institution. Statement 4 is incorrect. The CAG's reports concerning Union accounts are submitted to the President, who causes them to be laid before both Houses of Parliament. Similarly, reports relating to a State are submitted to the Governor, who causes them to be laid before the State Legislature. Thus, the CAG does not bypass the President or Governor in this constitutional process. Statement 5 is incorrect. The Constitution provides that the CAG is not eligible for further office under the Government of India or any State Government after demitting office. This restriction is an important safeguard against the possibility of post-retirement governmental appointments influencing the independence of the office.