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Q1. Consider the following statements regarding the Aranyakas of Vedic literature:
i) The Aitareya Aranyaka is associated with the Rigvedic tradition.
ii) The Taittiriya Aranyaka belongs to the Krishna Yajurveda tradition.
iii) Aranyakas generally represent a transition from an exclusive emphasis on external ritual towards meditation and symbolic interpretation.
iv) Aranyakas were primarily composed as manuals for conducting large-scale royal sacrifices in public spaces.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct. The Aitareya Aranyaka is connected with the Rigveda, particularly the Aitareya tradition. It contains ritual interpretations as well as philosophical and contemplative elements. Statement 2 is correct. The Taittiriya Aranyaka is associated with the Taittiriya branch of the Krishna Yajurveda. Another important Aranyaka associated with the Yajurvedic tradition is the Brihadaranyaka, which developed into the famous Brihadaranyaka Upanishad. Statement 3 is correct. Aranyakas occupy an important position in the evolution of Vedic thought. Statement 4 is incorrect. Aranyakas were not primarily manuals for conducting royal sacrifices in public spaces. The very term Aranyaka is traditionally connected with the forest, reflecting their association with more contemplative and esoteric forms of Vedic learning.
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Q2. Consider the following statements regarding the factors of production in economics:
i) In economics, capital refers only to money held by households and firms.
ii) Entrepreneurship involves coordinating productive resources and bearing risks associated with economic activity.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is incorrect. Economic capital is not synonymous with money. Capital generally refers to produced assets used in further production, such as: Machinery Factory buildings Tools Equipment Productive infrastructure Statement 2 is correct. Entrepreneurship involves functions such as: Organizing resources, Making business decisions, Introducing innovations, Bearing uncertainty and risk and Combining factors of production.
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Q3. Consider the following statements regarding an inverted pyramid-shaped population age structure:
i) It generally indicates that the proportion of older people is relatively large compared with the proportion of children.
ii) Such a population structure may emerge when fertility remains below replacement level for a prolonged period.
iii) An inverted population pyramid necessarily indicates a very high natural rate of population increase.
iv) Countries experiencing population ageing may gradually develop age structures resembling an inverted pyramid.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct. A population pyramid with a relatively narrow base and broader older age groups indicates a relatively small proportion of children compared with older populations. This is characteristic of an ageing population. Statement 2 is correct. Persistently low fertility reduces the number of young people entering the population. Over several decades, this can lead to: Lower fertility → fewer children → ageing population → relatively larger elderly population Statement 3 is incorrect. An inverted or near-inverted age structure is generally associated with low or negative population growth, rather than a high natural rate of increase. Statement 4 is correct. Population ageing can gradually transform an expansive pyramid into a more: Bell-shaped, Stationary, Constrictive and Eventually inverted/urn-shaped structure.
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Q4. Consider the following statements regarding counter-insurgency measures adopted in India since Independence:
i) The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act has been applied in certain areas affected by armed insurgency, subject to the legal framework governing its operation.
ii) Strengthening roads, communication networks and public institutions in conflict-affected areas can form part of a counter-insurgency strategy by addressing governance and connectivity deficits.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Both statements are correct. The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act has been applied in certain areas affected by armed insurgency, subject to the legal framework governing its operation. Strengthening roads, communication networks and public institutions in conflict-affected areas can form part of a counter-insurgency strategy by addressing governance and connectivity deficits.
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Q5. Consider the following statements regarding DNA-based vaccines:
i) A DNA vaccine introduces genetic material containing instructions for producing a selected antigen into the recipient's cells.
ii) The antigen produced from the vaccine-derived genetic instructions can stimulate an adaptive immune response.
iii) DNA vaccines do not contain live, weakened pathogens capable of multiplying inside the recipient.
iv) DNA vaccine technology can potentially be designed to induce both antibody-mediated and cellular immune responses.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct. A DNA vaccine generally uses a DNA molecule, commonly a plasmid, containing genetic instructions for producing a selected antigen. The recipient's cells use these instructions to produce the antigen. Statement 2 is correct. Once the antigen is produced, it can activate the immune system and generate an adaptive response involving: B cells and antibodies, T cells. The objective is to establish immune memory capable of responding to the actual pathogen or its relevant antigen later. Statement 3 is correct. DNA vaccines do not contain live attenuated pathogens. This distinguishes them from traditional live-attenuated vaccines. Statement 4 is correct. Because host cells produce the antigen following delivery of the genetic instructions, DNA vaccination can stimulate both: Humoral immunity – antibodies Cell-mediated immunity – T-cell responses The precise immune response depends on factors such as antigen design, delivery method and vaccination strategy.