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Q1. Consider the following statements regarding the Haryanka dynasty:
i) Bimbisara is generally regarded as one of the important early rulers of the Haryanka dynasty.
ii) Bimbisara strengthened Magadha partly through matrimonial alliances and territorial expansion.
iii) Ajatashatru succeeded Bimbisara and was involved in conflicts with both Kosala and the Vajji confederacy.
iv) The Haryanka rulers established their capital permanently at Pataliputra immediately after Bimbisara's accession.
v) The rise of the Haryankas was associated with the increasing political importance of Magadha in the middle Gangetic plain.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct. Bimbisara was a major early ruler associated with the Haryanka dynasty and played an important role in transforming Magadha into an expanding territorial power. Statement 2 is correct. Bimbisara employed both military expansion and matrimonial diplomacy. His marriage alliances are traditionally associated with: Kosala, Licchavis and Madra. Statement 3 is correct. Ajatashatru, Bimbisara's successor, engaged in important conflicts. His confrontation with Kosala was linked to the dispute over territories and the marriage alliance involving Kosala. He also fought the Vajji confederacy, a major political power to the north of the Ganga. Statement 4 is incorrect. The capital was Rajagriha (Rajgir) during the early Haryanka period. Although Ajatashatru is associated with strategic developments at Pataligrama, the assertion that the Haryankas established their capital permanently at Pataliputra immediately after Bimbisara's accession is incorrect. Statement 5 is correct. Magadha possessed several geographical and economic advantages: Fertile alluvial plains, Access to iron resources and Forest resources.
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Q2. Consider the following statements regarding atmospheric temperature inversion:
i) During a temperature inversion, temperature increases with altitude through a layer of the atmosphere rather than decreasing normally.
ii) Temperature inversion can suppress vertical mixing and cause pollutants to accumulate close to the ground.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct. Normally, in the troposphere, temperature tends to decline as altitude increases. During an inversion, the reverse occurs within a particular atmospheric layer: Temperature ↑ with altitude. This creates a relatively stable atmospheric condition. Statement 2 is correct. An inversion can act like a lid, limiting vertical movement of air. Consequently, pollutants emitted near the surface may become concentrated within the shallow layer below the inversion. This is one reason winter pollution episodes can become severe in urban and industrial regions.
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Q3. Below are given few statements regarding citizenship in India:
i) The Constitution of India contains provisions relating to citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution.
ii) Parliament has the power to make laws relating to acquisition and termination of citizenship.
iii) India follows a system of single citizenship for the Union and the States.
iv) The Constitution permits a citizen to simultaneously hold Indian citizenship and citizenship of another country as a general rule.
v) Citizenship and the fundamental right to equality are identical concepts and are available on exactly the same basis to citizens and non-citizens.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct. Part II of the Constitution (Articles 5–11) deals with citizenship. These provisions primarily determine who was considered a citizen at the commencement of the Constitution. Statement 2 is correct. Article 11 gives Parliament power to make laws regarding: Acquisition of citizenship, Termination of citizenship and Other matters relating to citizenship. The principal legislation is the Citizenship Act, 1955. Statement 3 is correct. India follows single citizenship. An individual is a citizen of India, rather than simultaneously being a citizen of a particular State and India. This differs from countries such as the United States, where federal and state citizenship are conceptually recognized. Statement 4 is incorrect. India does not generally recognize dual citizenship in the conventional sense. The Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) scheme does not confer full dual citizenship. OCI cardholders do not enjoy all rights available to Indian citizens, particularly political rights such as voting in Indian elections. Statement 5 is incorrect. Several Fundamental Rights are available to all persons, including non-citizens, while certain rights are specifically restricted to citizens.
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Q4. This idea of ethics by a thinker commands an action as a moral duty without making that duty conditional upon achieving some separate desired outcome. It requires a person to act only according to a maxim that he or she could rationally will to become a universal law. It emphasizes treating humanity, in oneself and others, as an end rather than merely as a means and is conditional upon a particular goal or desire. Which idea is being discussed here?
- Categorical Imperative of Immanuel Kant commands an action as a moral duty without making that duty conditional upon achieving some separate desired outcome. It requires a person to act only according to a maxim that he or she could rationally will to become a universal law. It emphasizes treating humanity, in oneself and others, as an end rather than merely as a means and is conditional upon a particular goal or desire.
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Q5. Consider the following statements regarding ballistic and cruise missiles:
i) A ballistic missile generally follows a trajectory in which a substantial portion of its flight occurs along a ballistic path after powered propulsion.
ii) A cruise missile generally remains within the atmosphere for most or all of its flight and is powered throughout much of its journey.
iii) Cruise missiles can use aerodynamic lift generated by their wings or body to sustain flight.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct. A ballistic missile typically uses powered propulsion during an initial phase. After the powered phase, much of its trajectory is governed by: Gravity, Momentum and Atmospheric effects. Long-range ballistic missiles can reach very high altitudes, with some trajectories extending into near-space regions. Statement 2 is correct. A cruise missile generally flies through the atmosphere and is powered during most of its flight. It behaves more like an unmanned aircraft than a traditional ballistic projectile. Its propulsion and guidance systems allow it to maintain controlled flight toward its target. Statement 3 is correct. Cruise missiles generate aerodynamic lift using their: Wings Fuselage/body configuration.