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Q1. With reference to the Indian National Anthem, consider the following statements:
i) The Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971 specifically penalises intentionally preventing the singing of the National Anthem or causing disturbance to an assembly engaged in such singing.
ii) A person convicted for a second or subsequent offence under the relevant provisions is subject to a mandatory minimum imprisonment of one year.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct. Section 3 of the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971 deals specifically with intentionally preventing the singing of the National Anthem or causing disturbance to an assembly engaged in such singing. Statement 2 is correct. Section 3A provides an enhanced penalty where a person, already convicted under Section 2 or Section 3, is convicted again. For the second and every subsequent offence, imprisonment shall not be less than one year
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Q2. With reference to the Merchant Discount Rate (MDR) in India's digital payment ecosystem, consider the following statements:
i) MDR represents a charge associated with processing certain merchant payment transactions.
ii) MDR is generally connected with the payment-processing ecosystem involving entities such as acquiring banks and payment networks.
iii) MDR is necessarily paid directly by the customer making the payment.
iv) The Reserve Bank of India has used regulatory measures to promote transparency by requiring the components of MDR to be appropriately disclosed or unbundled in relevant card-payment arrangements.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct. MDR is essentially a charge associated with the processing of a merchant transaction. Its precise structure can differ depending upon the payment instrument and regulatory framework. Statement 2 is correct. The payment ecosystem can involve the merchant's acquiring bank, card/payment network and other intermediaries. RBI has issued directions concerning the structure and transparency of MDR. Statement 3 is incorrect. MDR is not inherently a charge that must be paid directly by the customer. In the conventional card-payment arrangement, it is associated with the merchant side of the transaction. RBI has also addressed the issue of merchants passing costs to customers through surcharges. Statement 4 is correct. RBI has specifically sought greater transparency through unbundling of MDR and differentiation of charges according to relevant categories of cards and payment infrastructure.
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Q3. With reference to the territory of India and acquisition of territory, consider the following statements:
i) Article 1(3)(c) recognises the possibility of territories being acquired by India and becoming part of the territory of India.
ii) Article 1(3)(c) itself expressly grants an independent power to the Union Government to acquire foreign territory.
iii) Article 2 empowers Parliament to admit into the Union, or establish, new States on such terms and conditions as it thinks fit.
iv) The Supreme Court in the Berubari case distinguished the acquisition of foreign territory from the cession of an existing part of Indian territory to a foreign State.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct. Article 1(3)(c) refers to "such other territories as may be acquired". The Supreme Court explained that this provision provides for the absorption of territories acquired by India into India's constitutional territory. Statement 2 is incorrect. This is the crucial constitutional nuance. The Supreme Court in the Berubari case held that Article 1(3)(c) does not itself confer a specific power to acquire foreign territory. Rather, it recognises the constitutional consequence of acquisition. Statement 3 is correct. Article 2 deals with Parliament's power to admit into the Union, or establish, new States on such terms and conditions as it thinks fit. Statement 4 is correct. The Berubari decision dealt with the important distinction between acquiring foreign territory and ceding territory that already forms part of India. The latter was held to require constitutional amendment under Article 368 in the circumstances considered by the Court.
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Q4. Below are few statements with reference to the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle-
i) PSLV is a four-stage launch vehicle employing an alternating combination of solid and liquid propulsion stages.
ii) The second stage of PSLV uses the Vikas liquid engine.
iii) PSLV was originally developed primarily for placing satellites into Polar and Sun-Synchronous Orbits but has subsequently been used for a wider range of missions.
iv) The PSLV is incapable of launching more than one satellite in a single mission.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct. PSLV is a four-stage vehicle with alternating solid and liquid propulsion stages. The first and third stages use solid propulsion, while the second and fourth employ liquid propulsion. Statement 2 is correct. The second stage is powered by the Vikas engine, a liquid engine used by PSLV. Statement 3 is correct. PSLV was developed for launching satellites into Polar and Sun-Synchronous Orbits/LEO, but its capabilities have subsequently expanded. It has been used for geosynchronous, lunar and interplanetary missions as well. Statement 4 is incorrect. PSLV has a demonstrated multi-satellite launch capability and can place multiple payloads into orbit. ISRO has used it for missions involving several satellites.
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Q5. With reference to the Film Certification Appellate Tribunal (FCAT), consider the following statements:
i) FCAT was constituted under the Cinematograph Act, 1952 to hear appeals against specified decisions of the Central Board of Film Certification.
ii) The Chairperson of FCAT was required to be a serving member of the Central Board of Film Certification.
iii) FCAT was abolished in 2021 through the Tribunals Reforms framework.
iv) Following its abolition, filmmakers challenging CBFC decisions can approach the High Courts through the available legal remedies.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 is correct. FCAT was a statutory appellate body established under Sections 5C and 5D of the Cinematograph Act, 1952. It heard appeals from applicants aggrieved by specified CBFC certification decisions. Statement 2 is incorrect. The Chairperson was a retired High Court Judge, not a serving CBFC member. The tribunal also had other members appointed by the Central Government. Statement 3 is correct. FCAT was abolished in April 2021 through the Tribunals Reforms (Rationalisation and Conditions of Service) Ordinance, 2021, with its functions being shifted to the High Courts. Statement 4 is correct. After abolition, filmmakers seeking to challenge CBFC certification decisions can approach the High Courts, rather than FCAT.