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Q1. The Sawalkote Hydroelectric Project which was in news recently is planned on which of the following rivers?
- The Sawalkote Hydroelectric Project is a run-of-the river hydropower project along the Chenab River, developed by the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation Ltd.
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Q2. With reference to the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA), consider the following statements:
i) The South Atlantic Anomaly is a region where the strength of Earth's magnetic field is relatively weaker than in surrounding regions.
ii) The anomaly allows charged particles associated with the Van Allen radiation belts to approach comparatively lower altitudes.
iii) Satellites passing through the SAA may experience increased radiation-related risks to electronic systems.
iv) The South Atlantic Anomaly is caused primarily by a temporary reversal of Earth's magnetic poles.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 — Correct. The South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) is an area over parts of South America and the South Atlantic Ocean where Earth's magnetic field is unusually weak compared with surrounding regions. Earth's magnetic field normally acts as a protective barrier against charged particles. Statement 2 — Correct. Because the magnetic field is weaker in this region, particles trapped in the Van Allen radiation belts can come much closer to Earth's surface than they normally would. NASA notes that a portion of the inner radiation belt dips to relatively low altitudes over the South Atlantic. Statement 3 — Correct. This has particular significance for spacecraft and satellites. Energetic particles encountered in the SAA can interfere with spacecraft electronics, onboard computers and scientific instruments. Consequently, spacecraft operators may take precautions when a satellite passes through the region. Statement 4 — Incorrect. The SAA should not be confused with a magnetic-pole reversal. It represents a region of unusually weak magnetic intensity within the existing geomagnetic field. Earth's magnetic field is dynamic and changes over time, but the SAA is not evidence that the planet is undergoing an immediate magnetic-pole reversal.
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Q3. Consider the following statements with reference to monoclonal antibodies.
i) Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced antibodies designed to recognise a particular molecular target.
ii) All monoclonal antibodies function by directly destroying the cells to which they bind.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 — Correct. A monoclonal antibody is an antibody produced from a particular clone and designed to recognise a specific antigen or molecular target. This gives monoclonal antibodies a high degree of target specificity. Statement 2— Incorrect. Monoclonal antibodies do not all kill target cells directly.Different antibodies can work through different mechanisms. For example, an antibody may: block a receptor or signalling pathway; prevent a biological interaction; mark a cell so that immune cells can destroy it; bring immune cells into proximity with target cells; deliver a drug or radioactive substance to a target.
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Q4. With reference to the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) for Delhi-NCR, consider the following statements:
i) GRAP provides a graded framework under which increasingly stringent measures can be implemented as air quality deteriorates.
ii) GRAP is applicable only within the geographical boundaries of the National Capital Territory of Delhi.
iii) The Commission for Air Quality Management plays a central role in the implementation and modification of GRAP for the National Capital Region.
iv) Actions under higher stages are intended to operate in addition to restrictions already applicable under lower stages, unless specifically modified or revoked.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 — Correct. GRAP is essentially an emergency-response framework for deteriorating air quality in Delhi-NCR. The underlying idea is not to wait until pollution reaches its worst level. Instead, progressively stronger measures can be introduced as air quality moves through different categories. The framework has multiple stages corresponding to worsening air quality. Statement 2 — Incorrect. GRAP is not confined to Delhi alone. It applies across the National Capital Region (NCR), involving multiple authorities and jurisdictions. The CAQM describes GRAP as an emergency response mechanism for the entire NCR. Statement 3 — Correct. The Commission for Air Quality Management in National Capital Region and Adjoining Areas (CAQM) has a central role in administering the framework. CAQM issues directions for invocation, intensification and withdrawal of different stages. Its records show implementation and revocation orders covering various stages of GRAP. Statement 4 — Correct. GRAP follows a cumulative logic. When a more severe stage is invoked, the measures associated with earlier stages generally continue unless the competent authority specifically changes or withdraws them.
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Q5. With reference to the Crew Escape System (CES) developed for India's human-spaceflight programme, consider the following statements:
i) The Crew Escape System is intended to protect astronauts in the event of a serious emergency during critical phases of launch and ascent.
ii) The Crew Escape System is intended primarily to place the spacecraft into its final operational orbit in the event of a normal launch.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 — Correct. The Crew Escape System (CES) is a major human-safety component of India's Gaganyaan programme. Its purpose is to provide a means of protecting the crew if a dangerous situation develops during launch or ascent. ISRO describes it as a system intended to take the Crew Module and astronauts to a safe distance during an emergency. Statement 2 — Incorrect. The CES is not a normal orbital-insertion system. Its purpose is precisely the opposite of routine mission operations: it is a safety system activated when something goes wrong. The normal launch vehicle for Gaganyaan is the Human Rated LVM3 (HLVM3), while the CES provides an emergency escape capability. ISRO identifies the CES separately as a safety system attached to the crewed configuration.