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Q1. With reference to Chiron, which is a small body of the Solar System, consider the following statements:
i) Chiron belongs to the class of celestial objects known as Centaurs and its orbit lies in the region between the orbits of Jupiter and Neptune.
ii) Chiron exhibits characteristics associated with both asteroid-like bodies and comets.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 — Correct. Chiron (2060 Chiron) is classified as a Centaur, a group of relatively small Solar System bodies whose orbits generally occupy the region between Jupiter and Neptune. NASA planetary-science material specifically identifies Chiron as a Centaur and has considered it a scientifically interesting target for studying this population. Chiron's orbit places it in the outer Solar System, in the broad region between the orbital paths of Jupiter and Neptune. This orbital location is one of the defining characteristics of Centaurs. NASA describes Centaurs as distant objects orbiting the Sun between Jupiter and Neptune. Statement 2 — Correct. Centaurs are interesting because they can exhibit characteristics associated with both populations. Some have relatively asteroid-like appearances, while others display cometary activity when sufficiently heated as they approach the Sun. NASA describes Centaurs as objects that can occupy a transitional stage between populations associated with the outer Solar System and short-period comets.
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Q2. Below are given few statements with reference to CHACE-2.
i) It is a quadrupole mass spectrometer designed to investigate the neutral component of the Moon's extremely tenuous exosphere.
ii) Its observations are restricted to the composition of the lunar surface and do not provide information about gases surrounding the Moon.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 — Correct. CHACE-2 was one of the scientific instruments carried by the Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter. It was designed as a successor to the earlier CHACE experiment associated with Chandrayaan-1. Statement 2— Incorrect. CHACE-2 was specifically designed to investigate the exosphere, not merely the lunar surface. This is an important distinction: Lunar surface → rocks, minerals, regolith Lunar exosphere → extremely sparse atoms and molecules surrounding the Moon CHACE-2 was concerned primarily with the latter.
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Q3. With reference to the proposals for resolving the India-Pakistan dispute over Jammu and Kashmir, consider the following statements regarding the Chenab Formula:
i) The proposal envisaged the Chenab River serving as a broad geographical dividing line between areas administered by India and Pakistan.
ii) The proposal was primarily a formula for sharing the waters of the Chenab under the Indus Waters Treaty.
iii) Different versions of the proposal envisaged India retaining Ladakh and certain areas east of the Chenab, while Pakistan would retain areas to the west, with the Kashmir Valley receiving a special political arrangement in some versions.
iv) The Chenab Formula constitutes a binding bilateral agreement between India and Pakistan.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 — Correct. The Chenab Formula refers to a set of proposals associated with resolving the Kashmir dispute by using the Chenab River as a broad geographical dividing line. The idea emerged in discussions concerning possible territorial arrangements for Jammu and Kashmir. Historical accounts trace discussions of the concept to the 1962–63 period, with later versions and discussions appearing in subsequent decades. Statement 2 — Incorrect. The Chenab Formula has nothing to do with the water-allocation formula under the Indus Waters Treaty. The Indus Waters Treaty, 1960 is a separate India-Pakistan agreement concerning the waters of the Indus river system. Under it: Eastern Rivers: Ravi, Beas and Sutlej → allocated for India's unrestricted use. Western Rivers: Indus, Jhelum and Chenab → primarily allocated to Pakistan, subject to specified uses permitted to India. Statement 3 — Correct. Versions of the proposal envisaged arrangements in which Ladakh and areas east of the Chenab would remain with India, while areas west of the river would be associated with Pakistan. Some versions also envisaged a distinctive or autonomous political arrangement for the Kashmir Valley. Statement 4 — Incorrect. The Chenab Formula was a proposal/framework for conflict resolution, not a legally binding treaty between India and Pakistan. It should therefore not be placed on the same footing as the Indus Waters Treaty, 1960, which is an actual bilateral treaty.
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Q4. With reference to Operation Safed Sagar during the Kargil conflict, consider the following statements:
i) Operation Safed Sagar was the Indian Air Force's air operation conducted in support of India's military effort during the 1999 Kargil conflict.
ii) A major challenge for the Indian Air Force was conducting operations at very high altitude while observing the constraint of not crossing the Line of Control.
iii) Mirage-2000 aircraft were employed for precision strike missions during the operation.
iv) The operation involved only transport and reconnaissance missions and did not include the use of precision-guided munitions.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 — Correct. Operation Safed Sagar was the Indian Air Force's air campaign during the 1999 Kargil conflict, conducted in support of the Army's efforts to evict intruding forces from positions on the Indian side of the Line of Control. The operation formed the air component of India's broader military response, alongside Operation Vijay conducted by the Indian Army. The Ministry of Defence records the use of multiple aircraft types during Safed Sagar. Statement 2 — Correct. The operation presented an unusual operational challenge because the IAF had to conduct combat missions in very high-altitude mountainous terrain. At the same time, India imposed a significant operational constraint: aircraft were required to avoid crossing the Line of Control. Statement 3 — Correct. The Mirage-2000 played an important role in precision-strike missions during Operation Safed Sagar. The IAF employed the aircraft for precision attacks, including missions involving laser-guided bombs (LGBs). Statement 4 — Incorrect. The IAF's role was not limited to transport and reconnaissance. Combat aircraft conducted strike missions, and precision-guided weapons, including laser-guided bombs, were employed.
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Q5. With reference to laser-guided bombs (LGBs), consider the following statements:
i) Laser-guided bombs use a guidance system that enables the weapon to home towards a laser-designated target.
ii) Their guidance mechanism can significantly improve accuracy compared with an unguided gravity bomb under suitable conditions.
iii) A laser-guided bomb necessarily carries its own laser source to illuminate the target throughout its flight.
iv) Laser-guided weapons can be affected by environmental conditions or circumstances that interfere with the sensing of the designated laser energy.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 — Correct. A laser-guided bomb uses a seeker/guidance arrangement that detects laser energy reflected from a designated target and uses that information to guide the weapon towards the designated point. Statement 2 — Correct. Because guidance is provided during the weapon's flight, an LGB can achieve considerably greater precision than an ordinary unguided bomb under appropriate conditions. This is particularly valuable where a military objective requires a relatively precise strike and where avoiding unintended damage is important. Statement 3 — Incorrect. The bomb does not necessarily generate the laser illumination itself. In a conventional laser-designation arrangement, laser energy is directed at the target by a separate designator, and the weapon's seeker detects the reflected energy. Statement 4 — Correct. Laser-guidance depends upon the weapon's seeker being able to detect the relevant laser energy. Consequently, conditions that interfere with laser designation or detection can reduce effectiveness. This is one reason precision-guided weapons should not be viewed as automatically accurate under every conceivable condition.