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Q1. With reference to the concept of a "Blue Water Navy", consider the following statements:
i) A Blue Water Navy is characterised by the ability to conduct sustained maritime operations far from its home shores.
ii) Possession of an aircraft carrier is, by itself, a universally accepted prerequisite for a navy to qualify as a Blue Water Navy.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 — Correct. A Blue Water Navy refers broadly to a navy capable of undertaking sustained operations in distant waters, rather than being restricted to the immediate coastal region of its own country. The important idea is therefore operational reach rather than simply the geographical location of the naval vessel. India's Maritime Doctrine similarly associates blue-water capability with the ability to conduct distant operations. Statement 2 — Incorrect. There is no universally accepted rule that possession of an aircraft carrier automatically makes a navy a Blue Water Navy. An aircraft carrier can provide substantial power-projection capability, but blue-water status involves a much broader set of capabilities, including logistics, surveillance, mobility, protection, command and control and sustained reach.
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Q2. With reference to India's Electronics Component Manufacturing Scheme (ECMS), consider the following statements:
i) The scheme seeks to develop a domestic ecosystem for manufacturing electronic components and integrate Indian manufacturers more deeply with global value chains.
ii) The scheme provides only a capital-expenditure subsidy and has no turnover-linked component.
iii) Its target segments include sub-assemblies, certain bare components and parts of the supply-chain ecosystem and capital equipment.
iv) The scheme was approved with a financial outlay of ₹22,919 crore.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 — Correct. The Electronics Component Manufacturing Scheme (ECMS) was approved in 2025 to build a stronger domestic component-manufacturing ecosystem. Statement 2 — Incorrect. ECMS does not rely exclusively on a capital-expenditure incentive. The scheme provides differentiated fiscal incentives through: Turnover-linked incentive Capex incentive Hybrid incentive, combining the two. Statement 3 — Correct. The scheme covers several target segments across the electronics supply chain. These include categories such as: sub-assemblies; bare components; selected bare components; supply-chain ecosystem and capital equipment and certain telecom-related sub-assemblies. Statement 4 — Correct. The Union Cabinet approved the scheme with a financial outlay of ₹22,919 crore. The government estimated that the scheme could attract substantial additional investment and generate significant electronics production and employment during its tenure.
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Q3. Consider the following statements with reference to External Commercial Borrowings (ECBs) in India.
i) ECBs are commercial borrowings raised by eligible Indian entities from recognised non-resident lenders.
ii) ECBs can be raised only in the form of loans denominated in US dollars.
iii) The regulatory framework governing ECBs prescribes conditions relating to matters such as eligible borrowers, recognised lenders, maturity and permitted end-use.
iv) ECBs can expose borrowers to foreign-exchange risk when their liabilities are denominated in a foreign currency while their revenues are primarily in Indian rupees.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 — Correct. External Commercial Borrowings refer broadly to commercial loans raised by eligible resident entities from recognised non-resident entities, subject to the applicable regulatory framework. Statement 2 — Incorrect. ECBs are not restricted exclusively to US-dollar borrowing. The framework permits borrowing in specified foreign currencies, and the applicable framework lays down the conditions governing such borrowing. Statement 3 — Correct. ECB regulation is not simply a permission to borrow abroad. The framework establishes conditions concerning, among other things: eligible borrowers; recognised lenders; minimum maturity requirements; all-in-cost considerations; permitted and prohibited end-uses; Statement 4 — Correct. Consider a simple example. An Indian company borrows: US$100 million but earns most of its revenue in: Indian rupees. If the rupee depreciates significantly, repayment of the same dollar liability requires more rupees. Thus: Foreign-currency borrowing + rupee revenue → potential currency mismatch → exchange-rate risk.
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Q4. The Internatuonal Purple Fest organised recently is based on which of the following themes ?
- The Internatuonal Purple Fest organised recently in Goa is based on Inclusion, accessibility, and empowerment of persons with disabilities.
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Q5. With reference to the project for management of tigers outside designated tiger reserves, consider the following statements:
i) The project seeks to address human–tiger conflict and improve protection and conservation in areas where tigers occur outside tiger reserves.
ii) The project is based on the recognition that tiger conservation cannot be confined exclusively to notified tiger reserves because tigers also disperse through surrounding forests and landscapes.
iii) The project seeks primarily to create new tiger reserves by converting all important tiger-bearing forests outside existing reserves into protected areas.
iv) Measures under the project can include strengthening protection systems, improving management capacity and addressing human–tiger conflict.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 — Correct. The project titled "Management of Tigers outside Tiger Reserves: A preventive strategy to deal with Man-Tiger Conflict" was developed under the National Tiger Conservation Authority framework. Statement 2 — Correct. This is the ecological basis of the project. Tigers do not recognise administrative boundaries. A tiger living in or originating from a source population may: disperse → move through forest corridors → enter territorial forests outside reserves → encounter human settlements → potentially create conflict. Statement 3 — Incorrect. This statement wrongly converts the project's objective into a programme for creating new tiger reserves. The project is primarily concerned with management, protection, conservation and conflict mitigation outside existing tiger reserves. It does not mean that every important tiger-bearing forest outside a reserve will automatically be converted into a tiger reserve. Statement 4 — Correct. The project envisages measures such as: strengthening protection infrastructure; improving management capacity; dealing with human–tiger conflict;