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Q1. With reference to the drawing of the Radcliffe Line in 1947, consider the following statements:
i) The Boundary Commissions for Punjab and Bengal were constituted to demarcate boundaries between the territories that would form part of India and Pakistan.
ii) Sir Cyril Radcliffe chaired both the Punjab and Bengal Boundary Commissions.
iii) The Boundary Commissions were required to consider only the religious composition of the population and were prohibited from considering administrative and other geographical factors.
iv) The Radcliffe Award was formally published after India and Pakistan became independent.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 — Correct. Following the decision to partition British India, separate Boundary Commissions were established for Punjab and Bengal to determine the boundary between the areas that would fall on the Indian and Pakistani sides. Thus, the Radcliffe process was not simply the drawing of one line across the entire subcontinent. It involved separate boundary exercises for Punjab and Bengal. Statement 2 — Correct. Sir Cyril Radcliffe was appointed chairman of both the Punjab and Bengal Boundary Commissions. He had not previously worked on Indian territorial administration, and his role was to chair the commissions and determine the boundaries within the terms of reference provided to them. Statement 3 — Incorrect. The commissions were not instructed to look at only religious demography. The terms of reference referred to the contiguous majority areas of Muslims and non-Muslims and also required consideration of other factors. The eventual awards took account of matters such as administrative divisions and communications, among other considerations. Statement 4 — Correct. India became independent on 15 August 1947, while the Radcliffe Awards were announced/published on 17 August 1947. Thus, the final boundary decisions became public only after independence
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Q2. With reference to NASA's plans for sustained human activity on the Moon under the Artemis programme, consider the following statements:
i) NASA's lunar exploration architecture is intended to support longer-term human activity around and on the Moon rather than treating a lunar landing as an isolated mission.
ii) The lunar south polar region is of particular interest because permanently shadowed areas may contain water ice that could potentially support future human activity.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 — Correct. NASA's Artemis programme is broader than simply returning astronauts to the lunar surface. Its long-term objective involves developing capabilities for sustained exploration of the Moon and using lunar missions as part of the technological and operational pathway toward future human missions to Mars. NASA describes Gateway as part of its Moon-to-Mars architecture. Statement 2— Correct. The lunar south pole is particularly attractive because some areas near the poles remain permanently or almost permanently shadowed. These regions can preserve water ice and water is strategically important.
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Q3. With reference to the Royal Indian Navy Mutiny of 1946, consider the following statements:
i) The revolt began at HMIS Talwar in Bombay in February 1946 and immediate grievances included poor service conditions and racial discrimination.
ii) The revolt remained confined to naval personnel and did not receive any form of civilian support or sympathy.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 — Correct. The mutiny began on 18 February 1946 at HMIS Talwar in Bombay, a Royal Indian Navy signals establishment. The initial action subsequently expanded considerably. The ratings had grievances relating to: poor food and service conditions; racial discrimination; unequal treatment by British personnel; broader dissatisfaction with colonial military structures. Statement 2 — Incorrect. The revolt did not remain confined to naval personnel. Civilian unrest and demonstrations occurred in Bombay and other cities, and the episode became connected with broader anti-colonial sentiment. However, the exact relationship between naval ratings, civilian protesters and political organisations was complex; therefore, it would be inaccurate to portray the event simply as a completely unified nationwide uprising.
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Q4. With reference to surrogate advertising in India, consider the following statements:
i) Surrogate advertising can involve promoting a legally permissible product or brand identity in a manner that indirectly reinforces the visibility of a restricted product.
ii) The practice becomes especially relevant where direct advertising of certain products is prohibited or heavily restricted.
iii) Every advertisement featuring the same brand name as a restricted product is automatically a surrogate advertisement.
iv) Regulation of such advertising can involve consumer-protection rules as well as sector-specific restrictions.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 — Correct. Surrogate advertising refers broadly to a situation where promotion of one product, service or brand element can function as an indirect means of keeping a restricted product or brand prominently before consumers. Statement 2 — Correct. Surrogate advertising becomes particularly relevant when direct advertising of products such as tobacco or alcoholic beverages is restricted or prohibited. Statement 3 — Incorrect. The word "automatically" makes this statement wrong. The mere fact that a legally permissible product shares a brand name with a restricted product does not, by itself, establish that every advertisement for it is unlawful surrogate advertising. The nature, content, presentation and actual promotional effect of the advertisement are relevant. Statement 4 — Correct. Surrogate advertising can fall within a broader regulatory environment involving: consumer-protection rules; advertising standards; sector-specific legislation; rules concerning prohibited or restricted products. India's regulatory approach therefore cannot be understood through one single statute alone.
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Q5. Below are given few statements with reference to the origins of Hamas.
i) Hamas emerged in the Gaza Strip in 1987 during the First Intifada and its origins are connected with the Palestinian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.
ii) Hamas originated as an organisation established by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) as its armed wing.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 — Correct. Hamas emerged in 1987, during the First Intifada, the Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation. Its emergence was centred in Gaza. Hamas grew out of the Palestinian branch/network associated with the Muslim Brotherhood. Sheikh Ahmed Yassin was a key founding figure, and the movement emerged from an Islamist social and religious infrastructure that had developed in Gaza over preceding decades. Statement 2— Incorrect. Hamas did not originate as an armed wing of the PLO. The PLO was historically dominated by secular Palestinian nationalist currents, particularly Fatah, whereas Hamas emerged from an Islamist/Muslim Brotherhood milieu and developed as a rival political force.