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Q1. With reference to the presence of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in drinking water, consider the following statements:
i) Detection of E. coli in drinking water is an important indicator of possible faecal contamination.
ii) The presence of E. coli necessarily means that every strain present in the water is itself highly pathogenic to humans.
iii) E. coli monitoring can provide an indication of the effectiveness of measures intended to control faecal contamination.
iv) Under WHO drinking-water guidance, E. coli or thermotolerant coliforms should not be detectable in a 100 ml sample of drinking water.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 — Correct. E. coli is widely used as an indicator of faecal contamination. WHO identifies E. coli as the preferred indicator organism for verifying microbiological safety of drinking water. Statement 2 — Incorrect. Not every strain of E. coli is pathogenic. E. coli normally occurs in the intestinal tracts of humans and many animals. Most strains are harmless or relatively harmless in their normal environment. However, the detection of E. coli in drinking water is concerning because it indicates faecal contamination, which means other pathogenic organisms of faecal origin may also have entered the water. Statement 3 — Correct. E. coli monitoring can be used to assess whether drinking-water treatment and distribution systems are effectively controlling faecal contamination. Statement 4 — Correct. WHO's drinking-water guidance specifies that E. coli or thermotolerant coliform bacteria should not be detectable in any 100 ml sample intended for drinking. This does not mean that detecting one bacterium automatically tells us the complete epidemiological risk of the water source. Water safety assessment also requires consideration of the source, treatment system, sanitation conditions and other microbiological hazards.
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Q2. Which of the followng is not part of PM Modi’s seven-point vision for Viksit Bharat termed 'Saptadhara'?
- The Indian Prime Minister introduced the ‘Saptadhara’, meaning seven streams of strength for India’s future growth and development. It focuses on seven important areas – manufacturing, technology and innovation, agriculture and food processing, defence, Gati Shakti, green and blue economy, and soft power.
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Q3. Below are given few statements with reference to the Shunga dynasty in ancient India.
i) The Shunga dynasty was established by Pushyamitra after the assassination of the last Mauryan ruler, Brihadratha.
ii) Pushyamitra is associated with the performance of the Ashvamedha sacrifice.
iii) The Shunga period witnessed the complete decline of Buddhist artistic activity in northern India.
iv) Patanjali's Mahabhashya provides evidence relating to the political and cultural milieu of the Shunga period.
v) The Shungas were succeeded in Magadha by the Kanva dynasty.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 — Correct. Pushyamitra Shunga was a military commander under the Mauryas. He overthrew and killed the last Mauryan ruler, Brihadratha, and established the Shunga dynasty around the middle of the 2nd century BCE. The Shungas thus succeeded the Mauryas in a substantial part of northern India. Statement 2 — Correct. Pushyamitra is traditionally associated with the performance of the Ashvamedha sacrifice. Statement 3 — Incorrect. The Shunga period cannot be characterised as a period in which Buddhist artistic activity completely disappeared. Statement 4 — Correct. Patanjali, the author of the Mahabhashya, is generally associated with the period of Pushyamitra Shunga. The text is valuable not merely for the history of Sanskrit grammar but also because some of its examples provide glimpses into the political and social circumstances of the period. Statement 5 — Correct. The last Shunga ruler, Devabhuti, was succeeded by Vasudeva, who established the Kanva dynasty.
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Q4. With reference to the topographical characteristics of the Aravalli Range, consider the following statements:
i) The highest point of the Aravalli Range is Guru Shikhar in the Mount Abu region.
ii) The southeastern side of the Aravallis generally has relatively greater elevation and more varied topography than the northwestern side of Rajasthan.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1— Correct. Guru Shikhar, located in the Mount Abu area of Rajasthan, is the highest point of the Aravalli Range, with an elevation of about 1,722 metres. Statement 2— Correct. The contrast between the two sides of the Aravallis is important for understanding Rajasthan's physical geography. The northwestern side includes extensive arid and semi-arid terrain associated with the Thar region, while the southeastern side is generally higher and more varied, including areas of plateau, hills and relatively more fertile terrain.
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Q5. This national park is characterised by rolling grasslands, dense evergreen/semi-evergreen forests, steep valleys and mountain streams. The famous peak is this national park is among the prominent peaks of Karnataka. The Tunga, Bhadra and Nethravathi river systems are closely associated with the broader landscape.
Several species characteristic of the Western Ghats are found here, including the lion-tailed macaque, an endangered primate endemic to the Western Ghats. Other notable mammals include tigers, leopards, wild dogs (dhole), gaur, sambar and Malabar giant squirrels.
The park's shola-grassland ecosystem is particularly significant. Sholas are patches of montane evergreen forest occurring amidst high-elevation grasslands.
Which national park is discussed here?
- The Kudremukh National Park is characterised by rolling grasslands, dense evergreen/semi-evergreen forests, steep valleys and mountain streams. The famous peak is this national park is among the prominent peaks of Karnataka. The Tunga, Bhadra and Nethravathi river systems are closely associated with the broader landscape. Several species characteristic of the Western Ghats are found here, including the lion-tailed macaque, an endangered primate endemic to the Western Ghats. Other notable mammals include tigers, leopards, wild dogs (dhole), gaur, sambar and Malabar giant squirrels. The park's shola-grassland ecosystem is particularly significant. Sholas are patches of montane evergreen forest occurring amidst high-elevation grasslands.