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Q1. With reference to the Cornwallis Code in British India, consider the following statements:
i) The Cornwallis Code of 1793 was associated with reforms in the judicial, administrative and revenue systems of the East India Company's territories.
ii) It sought to separate the functions of the revenue collector from those of the civil judiciary.
iii) The Code strengthened the position of European covenanted servants in higher administrative and judicial offices while largely excluding Indians from such posts.
iv) The Cornwallis Code abolished the Permanent Settlement introduced in Bengal a few years earlier.
v) The reforms contributed to the development of a more hierarchical and formalised system of courts and administration.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 — Correct. The Cornwallis Code of 1793 was not a single isolated judicial regulation. It represented a broad package of regulations dealing with the Company's: revenue administration, civil and criminal justice, police administration, functioning of courts, conduct of Company officials. Statement 2 — Correct. One of Cornwallis's important administrative changes was the separation of the revenue and judicial functions of district-level administration. Earlier arrangements had concentrated considerable authority in the hands of revenue officials. Cornwallis sought to create a more differentiated administrative structure in which judicial functions were entrusted to separate judicial officers and courts. Statement 3 — Correct. The Cornwallis system is associated with the policy of reserving the higher ranks of the Company's administration largely for European covenanted servants. Statement 4 — Incorrect. The Permanent Settlement was introduced in 1793, during Cornwallis's tenure. The Cornwallis Code did not abolish it. In fact, the Permanent Settlement formed an important component of Cornwallis's revenue policy in Bengal, Bihar and parts of Orissa. Statement 5 — Correct. The Cornwallis reforms contributed to the creation of a more structured system of: courts → appeals → district administration → revenue administration → police This helped establish a more formal bureaucratic structure, although it was designed primarily to serve colonial administrative interests.
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Q2. Below are given few statements with reference to frontal precipitation.
i) Frontal precipitation occurs when air masses with contrasting characteristics interact and one air mass is forced to rise over another.
ii) It is commonly associated with temperate cyclones and extra-tropical weather systems.
iii) At a warm front, warm air generally rises gradually over a retreating mass of colder air.
iv) At a cold front, the advancing cold air can force warm air to rise relatively rapidly.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 — Correct. A front is a zone separating two air masses with different characteristics, particularly temperature. When these air masses interact, the warmer and generally lighter air is forced upward. As the air rises: rising air → expansion → cooling → condensation → cloud formation → precipitation Statement 2 — Correct. Frontal precipitation is particularly important in the middle and higher latitudes, where contrasting air masses frequently interact. It is therefore closely associated with temperate or extra-tropical cyclones. Statement 3 — Correct. At a warm front, relatively warm air advances towards colder air. Because warm air is less dense, it generally moves upward gradually over the colder air mass. This gentle ascent tends to produce: widespread cloudiness; prolonged precipitation; stratiform cloud systems. Statement 4 — Correct. At a cold front, advancing cold, dense air undercuts warmer air. The warm air is therefore forced upward relatively abruptly. This stronger uplift can generate: cumuliform clouds; heavier showers; thunderstorms in favourable conditions.
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Q3. This agreement seeks to phase down hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which are powerful greenhouse gases. HFCs were targeted under this Amendment primarily because they are major ozone-depleting substances. The amendment operates within the institutional framework of the Montreal Protocol. The reduction of HFCs can contribute significantly to climate-change mitigation even though HFCs generally do not directly deplete stratospheric ozone. Which agreement is being discussed here?
- Kigali agreement seeks to phase down hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which are powerful greenhouse gases. HFCs were targeted under this Amendment primarily because they are major ozone-depleting substances. The amendment operates within the institutional framework of the Montreal Protocol. The reduction of HFCs can contribute significantly to climate-change mitigation even though HFCs generally do not directly deplete stratospheric ozone.
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Q4. With reference to ethanol blending in petrol in India, consider the following statements:
i) Ethanol has a lower energy content per unit volume than petrol, which can affect fuel economy when the blend ratio increases.
ii) Ethanol's ability to absorb water can create fuel-system and storage-related concerns, particularly where vehicles or infrastructure are not suitably designed for higher blends.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 — Correct. Ethanol contains less energy per unit volume than petrol. Therefore, as the ethanol proportion rises, a vehicle may need more blended fuel to travel the same distance, all else being equal. This is one reason why fuel economy is an important part of the E20 debate. Statement 2 — Correct. Ethanol is hygroscopic, meaning it tends to attract and absorb moisture. This property can create concerns relating to: fuel storage; water contamination; corrosion; seals and other components; phase stability under certain conditions.
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Q5. With reference to the Falkland Islands (Malvinas) dispute, consider the following statements:
i) Argentina and the United Kingdom continue to assert competing claims of sovereignty over the islands.
ii) The 1982 Falklands War permanently settled the question of sovereignty in favour of the United Kingdom under a binding decision of the United Nations Security Council.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- Statement 1 — Correct. There remains a sovereignty dispute between Argentina and the United Kingdom. Argentina calls the islands Islas Malvinas, while the United Kingdom generally uses Falkland Islands. The disagreement concerns sovereignty over the islands and associated maritime areas. The UN continues to describe the matter as a sovereignty dispute. Statement 2— Incorrect. The 1982 Falklands War did not permanently settle the sovereignty question through a binding UN Security Council decision. The conflict ended with Argentina's military forces surrendering, after which British administration continued. However, the underlying sovereignty dispute remained. The United Nations continues to describe it as an unresolved dispute between Argentina and the United Kingdom.